ORIGIN OF SPOROPHYTES OF BRYOPHYTES
There
are two theories put forward to explain the origin of sporophytes of
Bryophytes: (a) the homologous (modification of transformation) theory and (b)
the antithetic theory (interpolation or intercalation theory).
1. The Homologous Theory:
This
theory was put forward by Pringsheim (1876, 1878) and restated by Scott (1896).
Other advocates of this theory are Church (1919), Zimmermann (1930, 1932),
Evans (1939), Fritsch (1945) and Bold (1938, 1940, 1948).
According
to this theory the spore producing structure (sporophyte) and the sex structure
producing (gametophyte) generations are strictly homologous (fundamentally
similar in nature) and the sporophyte is a direct modification of the
gametophyte and not a new structural type. Supporters of this theory are of the
opinion that the sporophyte is to be interpreted as a neutral generation and
one whose function is the production of spores.
The
evidences in favour of homologous theory have been drawn from algae, bryophytes
and pteridophytes. These include the isomorphic alternation found in certain
algae, photosynthesis in sporophytes of bryophytes, the presence of trachieds
of gametophytes of pteridophytes and the occurrence of apogamy and apospory.
2. The Antithetic Theory:
This
theory was first formulated for the first time by Celakovsky in 1874 and was
further taken up by Bower (1890, 1908, 1929, 1940), who supported it strongly
from time to time, Strassburger (1894), Cavers (1910), Chamberlain (1935) and
Campbell (1940).
According
to this theory the gametophytic generation is an original one and the
sporophyte is an entirely new structure intercalated between two successive
gametophytic generations. This theory further states that the sporophyte has
been derived by the elaboration of unicellular zygote, resulting from the union
of the gametes of a green algal ancestor and is interpolated in the life cycle
between the successive events of fertilization and meiosis.
According
to Campbell (1940), the sporophytes of bryophytes like the zygote of algae
represents the terrestrial phase of the organism compared with the aquatic or
amphibious gametophytes. As the terrestrial habit becomes more and more pronounced,
the sporophyte assumes increasing importance until finally it becomes the
dominant phase in the life cycle.
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